1952年12月5日 当伦敦市民醒来时 On 5th December, 1952, Londoners woke up
一层厚厚的 有毒的烟雾笼罩着这个城市 to a thick, toxic smog that had blanketed the city.
到了上午时分 所有铁路 公路 空中交通全部陷入混乱 By mid morning, all rail, road and air links were in a state of chaos.
抢劫和商店哄抢的报道暴增 好像罪犯控制了城市 Reports of muggings and shop looting spiked as crime took hold.
到了晚上 人们快要被呛死在大街上 By the evening, people were choking to death in the streets.
伦敦整整4天陷入实际上的停滞 London was effectively in total shutdown for four days.
当最终烟雾散去 超过4000人 By the time the fog eventually cleared, over 4,000 people
死亡和无数人被送进医院 were dead and hundreds of thousands more had been hospitalised.
这场大灾难的原因是 The cause of the catastrophe was this.
煤炭 在1952年冬天 数年来的第一次 Coal. In the winter of 1952, for the first time in years,
我们一直在巨量燃烧这种东西 we were burning astronomical amounts of the stuff.
如此之多以至于它产生的令人窒息的烟雾吞没了整个城市 So much so that it created a choking fog that consumed the entire city.
这是一场横跨英国的悲剧 It was a tragic event repeated across the UK,
从Manchester到Glasgow from Manchester to Glasgow
而发生悲剧的简单事实是 and it was trigged by one simple fact.
英国石油已经耗尽了 Britain had run out of oil.
我们的社会如此依赖石油 但是却自己没有 Our society was addicted to the stuff, but had none of its own.
结果我们完全依赖外国 As a result, we were totally dependent on foreign lands to
供应这我们绝对需要的东西 get the supplies we desperately needed.
所以当1951年 一位不知名的人 So when, in 1951, a man that nobody here had ever heard of
突然切断了我们的石油供应 英国跪下了 suddenly stopped our oil flowing, Britain was brought to its knees,
变成了瘸子 被外国石油勒索 crippled and held to ransom by foreign oil.
这是我们的能源危机 It was our first energy crisis...
最威胁篇章开始了 ..and the beginning of the most dangerous chapter
在石油星球的故事里 in the story of Planet Oil.
一个可以看到新的巨头升起的时代 An era that would see the rise of a new superpower
它可以控制世界大部分的石油 that would come to control almost all of the world's oil.
一个用石油获得最高统治的时代 A time when those with it ruled supreme.
非常便宜的能源时代已经一去不返了 The era of a very cheap source of energy is gone
这是新的时代 and this is a new era.
期间那些还没有意识到 Whilst those without realised
他们该做什么去获取石油 just what they would have to do to get it.
这是关于如何指导去颠覆一个政府 It's a how-to guide to overthrowing a government.
这是这样的时代 石油从最受欢迎的商品 It was the time when oil transformed from the most sought-after
转变为肮脏的政治武器 commodity on the planet to a dirty political weapon.
地理将变得威胁 Geology was about to get dangerous.
这是中东的阿联酋 This is the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East.
世界上最荒凉和干燥的地方 It's one of the driest, most barren regions in the world.
一块被40度高温烤焦的土地 A land scorched by 40-degree temperatures,
以至于生存都有挑战 where even survival is a challenge.
然而星星点点分布在这地区四周是生命的迹象 Yet dotted around this region there are signs of life,
高耸的纪念塔从沙漠出现 在过去 towering monuments that have emerged from the desert in the last
75年左右 作为自然资源的结果 75 years or so as a result of a natural resource
这里的资源比世界任何地方都丰富 that's more abundant here than anywhere else in the world.
那就是石油 Oil.
到处蔓延的城市像Abu Dhabi, Riyadh或者这里迪拜 Sprawling cities like Abu Dhabi, Riyadh, or here in Dubai, have
确实是这整个区域难以置信的石油财富堆出来的 literally grown out of this entire region's incredible oil wealth.
加在一起 这些中东国家是地球上最大的 Collectively, the Middle East nations are the biggest
原油出产商 producers of crude on the planet,
大约占据全球供应的65% pumping out around 65% of global supplies.
这在75年前后是没法相信的 It's incredible to think that, 75 years or so ago,
这个地区可是沙漠 this region was desert.
像这样的城市不可能存在 Cities like this certainly just didn't exist.
这是令人震惊的转变 但是是什么驱动的呢？ It's an astounding transformation. But what drove it?
这问题的答案会被找到 在流星般上升 The answer to that question is found in the meteoric rise
的中东最强大的石油王国 of the Middle East's most powerful oil nation,
一个毫无争议的原油王国 a place that has become the undisputed king of crude.
沙特阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia.
故事发生于1930年代 And that story begins back in the 1930s,
归功于一个很古怪的英国人 with the exploits of a rather eccentric Brit.
这也许看起来像是一个阿拉伯王子 This might look like an Arabian prince,
但实际上却是地道的英国绅士 but in fact he's a very English gentleman.
他叫Jack Philby His name was Jack Philby
他一直是英国追逐石油的主要外交人物 and he'd been a key diplomatic figure in Britain's pursuit of oil
在29世纪早期中东 in the Middle East throughout the early 20th century.
但是在1925年 他突然辞职 But in 1925, he abruptly resigned
在被指控性行为不端和间谍活动后 after accusations of sexual misconduct and espionage.
不但没有返回英国 相反他在沙特阿拉伯定居下来 Instead of returning to Britain, he settled in Saudi Arabia where,
作为一个队阿拉伯习俗和传统很熟悉的人 as a man well rehearsed in Arabic custom and tradition,
他已经交到很多有权势和影响力的朋友 he'd made many powerful and influential friends.
其中一个至关重要 And one stood out above them all.
这个国家的统治者 Ibn Saud国王 King Ibn Saud, the nation's ruling monarch.
这是将要永远改变石油球星的关系 It was a relationship that was about to change Planet Oil forever.
1931年 在一次沙漠自驾途中 In 1931, during an automobile trip into the desert
为了寻找水资源 Ibn Saud国王相信Philby in search of water reserves, King Ibn Saud confided in Philby
关于他的王国的危险的经济状态 about the perilous economic state of his country.
艰苦的部落斗争使这国家分裂和破产 Bitter tribal struggles had left the nation divided and bankrupt.
那么贫穷 实际上国王自己 So poor, in fact, that the king
所有的国库大约只有一麻袋 carried his entire treasury around in a saddle bag.
你有否想过要进入石油生产？ Have you ever thought of getting into oil production?
Philby询问 “Philby”国王回答 Philby enquired. "Oh, Philby," Saud replied,
如果有人给我100万美金 if someone was to give me one million dollars,
那我就给他们所有的特许权 I would give them all the concessions in the world."
那次偶然的交流给Philby一个初步想法 That casual exchange gave Philby the germ of an idea -
这个想法标志着沙特开始了石油时代 an idea that would mark the beginning of Saudi's age of oil.
Philby知道英国政府非常想 Philby knew that the British Government were desperate to
开拓中东的任何地方 只要他们能够 exploit any part of the Middle East they could...
那会给他们新领地 以超低价获得 ..and that gifting them another new territory at a knock-down price
会被证明是历史上最大的奖赏 could prove the biggest prize in history.
但他也知道其他人 But he also knew that there were others
也同样对沙特的石油潜力有兴趣 just as interested in Saudi's oil potential.
对于Philby为何做和他做了什么有很多猜测 There's lots of speculation as to why Philby did what he did.
有人说他怨恨所有的指控 Some say that he bore a grudge against all the charges
认为他间谍和性虐待 of espionage and sexual misconduct that were levelled against him.
但是其他人说 But others say that, you know,
他只想为沙特国王和他的国家达成最好的协议 he just wanted the best deal for the Saudi king and his country.
但不管什么原因 一件事情可以确定 But whatever the reason, one thing's for certain
这个住在沙特的英国人将要诬陷他的国家 Britain's man in Saudi was about to stitch his old country up.
Philby故意让英国坐到谈判桌 Philby deliberately led the British to the negotiation table
期间一直和第三方在秘密会谈 whilst all the while also holding secret talks with another party
美国石油巨头“标准石油” American oil giant Standard.
实际上要命的双面间谍 It would turn out to be a fateful double-cross.
1933年4月 沙特财务大臣 In April 1933, the Saudi finance minister,
Abdullah al-Sulaiman和“标准石油”管理层坐在一起 Abdullah al-Sulaiman, sat down with a Standard Oil exec
签署了这个国家石油潜能勘探权协议 and signed away the rights to explore the country's oil potential.
所有的支付金额只有275000美金 And all for a payment of just $275,000.
“标准石油”同意将他们的名字改为 Standard ultimately agreed to change their name
阿拉伯美国石油公司 简称ARAMCO to the Arabian American Oil Company, or ARAMCO.
接下去5年里 他们勘探这荒凉的 And for the next five years, they drilled the barren
沙特王国的沙漠 为了寻找这黑色的事物 deserts of the Saudi kingdom in search of the black stuff.
但是是什么让他们认为会发现一些东西呢？ But what made them think they would ever find anything?
乍一看 这似乎 At first glance, this doesn't seem
不是个合理的地方可以发现化石燃料 a very sensible place to look for fossil fuels.
毕竟 石油是从海洋生物和海洋污泥形成的 After all, oil is cooked up from marine plankton and oceanic sediment
而这一大片的沙漠并没有这些东西 and, well, there's not a whole lot of that in this desert expanse.
但是当然 这是今天的中东 But of course, this is the Middle East of today.
一亿年前 Go back 100 million years or so
你会发现完全不同的环境 and you find a very different environment.
为了弄清现在这荒凉的地貌曾经是怎样 To find out more about how this now barren landscape was once
一个完全不同的地方 a very different place,
我和古生物学家Stephen Erenberg深入沙漠 I'm heading into the desert with palaeontologist Stephen Erenberg.
我们希望发掘证据 这里以前不是沙漠 We're hoping to uncover evidence not of desert,
而是巨大的海洋石油工厂 but rather a massive oceanic oil factory.
而揭示这个的线索是 And the clues that reveal that?
海贝壳 Seashells.
你看四周 有很多碎片 So, as you look around, you see fragments all over the place,
不同形状的贝壳 哦 really - different types of shells. Wow.
有些挺大的 比如这个 你可以看 Some of them are quite big. Here's an example. You can see
得更清楚 如果我倒一些水在上面 a little better if I dump the water on it.
真得让它显露出来 不是吗？ 还挺大的 这里 It really brings it out, doesn't it? That's quite a big one, there.
这也许是已经绝灭的牡蛎 非常大在 So this might be an extinct type of oyster, got very big in the
白垩纪时代 7千万年以前 当它被沉积时 Cretaceous time, 70 million years ago, when this was deposited.
我想很多人会很惊讶发现这个 See, I think a lot of people would find that surprising.
就在这里 沙漠中心 我们发现了海贝壳 Here we are, middle of the desert, and we're finding seashells.
海生物生活在这里 这整个区域 Marine organisms living here. Well, this entire area -
实际上 大部分阿拉伯 actually, most of Arabia -
被浅海水覆盖 属于古地中海的一部分 was covered by shallow ocean water, part of the Tethys Ocean.
这古地中海的海道非常重要 对于最终 This Tethys seaway was very important for the eventual
中东石油的沉积转变 formation of the oil deposits in the Middle East.
有几个阶段 当许多的这些海生物 There were periods when lots of marine organisms
在这些浅盆地下面较深的地方积累 accumulated in the deeper parts of these shallow basins
然后形成优质岩石层 后来被掩埋 and formed organic-rich rocks that could later be buried
挤压出它们的有机内含物形成石油 to expel their organic content as oil.
虽然过程看起来单调 但是这确实是 So it might look mundane to the passer-by, but this is actually
中东最有经济价值的岩石层 one of the most economically valuable rocks in the Middle East.
是的 它们本质上是 Oh, yeah, they're essential.
贝壳和更多的贝壳 Shells and more shells.
这种在古地中海被发现的情况 These conditions found in the Tethys Ocean
创造出最完美的风暴 用地质学术语来说 created the perfect storm in geological terms...
就是这创造出了巨大的原油储存 ..one that produced huge reservoirs of crude oil.
远远超过地球其他地方 More than anywhere else on the planet.
数百万年以后 And millions of years later,
当海洋变成了沙特阿拉伯沙漠 美国石油工人 when that sea had become Saudi Arabian desert, American oilmen
到处钻洞希望能够发现那巨大的潜能 drilled holes across it, hoping to tap that massive potential.
然而他们确实做到了 And they did.
ARAMCO在叫做Dammam 7号的地方发现了石油 ARAMCO struck oil at a site called Dammam No. 7,
在沙特东部 1938年3月4日 in eastern Saudi on March 4th 1938.
但只几天后大部分油井都也同样出油 But whilst most oil wells usually levelled out after just a few days,
只是这个油井稍多一些 this one just got bigger.
沙特阿拉伯成功地进入了石油时代 Saudi Arabia had entered the oil age with a bang.
Dammam最终变为冰山的一角 And Dammam turned out to be just the tip of the iceberg.
整个30 40年代更多的油井出现 More wells were tapped throughout the '30s and '40s
到二战结束 很明显 and by the end of the Second World War, it was clear that the
这里发现的储量和以前其他地方都不一样 reserves here were unlike anything else found before.
沙特阿拉伯是坐在原油的海洋上 Saudi Arabia was sitting on an ocean of crude.
随着石油变为最为追捧的 And with oil having become the most sought-after
商品在战后 不久以后这新的 commodity in the post-war world, it wasn't long before this new
金矿吸引了全球最大的用户们 bonanza attracted the attention of Planet Oil's biggest users.
罗斯福总统和Winston Churchill作为二战的胜利者 Both President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill emerged victorious
都把目光紧紧盯着中东 from World War II with their sights firmly set on the Middle East.
他们知道原油在现代世界将成为什么 They knew just how crucial oil was becoming in the modern world.
既然沙特阿拉伯现在是他们最大的奖品 And with Saudi Arabia now the biggest prize of them all,
他们都想自己要它 they both wanted it for themselves.
在一场无耻透明的行动中 罗斯福和丘吉尔都 In a shamelessly transparent act, both Roosevelt and Churchill
死乞白赖地请求Ibn Saud国王 同时个人拜访以及赠送礼物给她 wooed King Ibn Saud, making personal visits and showering him with gifts.
丘吉尔的做法是不同寻常的粗鲁 Churchill's approach was uncharacteristically crass
对于一个英国绅士来说 for an English gentleman.
在文化失礼（送给滴酒不沾的穆斯林统治者雪茄和酒）后 After the cultural faux pas of offering a teetotal Muslim ruler
他安排了运送给沙特国王 cigars and alcohol, he arranged to ship to the Saudi king
一台一次性镀金的劳斯莱斯 a one-off gold-plated Rolls-Royce.
为了皇室事业的皇家礼物 A regal gift for a regal cause.
另一方面的罗斯福 用心去打动而不是用钱包 Roosevelt, on the other hand, tugged at the heart, not the wallet.
他做足了功课 研究国王以及他的文化习俗 He'd done his homework, studying both the man and his culture.
他不远万里探望国王 He travelled great distances to see the king
虽然他身体健康日益恶化 despite his deteriorating health
带给国外不是昂贵的礼物 and showered him not with expensive gifts,
而是凄美的礼品 but poignant ones...
比如捐献了他自己的轮椅 ..such as the donation of his own wheelchair,
从一个小儿麻痹症患者给了另一个 from one polio sufferer to another.
罗斯福知道沙特阿拉伯是如此重要 Roosevelt knew just how important Saudi Arabia was going to be
不仅是和石油财富相关 而且和整个美国将来相关 not just in terms of oil wealth, but in terms of America's entire future.
这不是一个奢侈的礼物或表现 This wasn't a time for extravagant gifts or gestures,
这是关于赢得爱心和思想 罗斯福非常正确 this was about winning hearts and minds. Roosevelt called it right.
美国将会大赢 The US would win big,
和一个政治联盟牢固结合确保所有沙特石油将由 cementing a political alliance that guaranteed all Saudi oil would
美国公司生产 now be produced by American companies.
英国就一直被关在这世纪最大合约门外 Britain had just been shut out of the biggest oil deal of the century,
与此同时美国政府已经确保它的能源未来 whilst the US government had secured its energy future
用这无止境的原油 with an endless flow of crude.
而这家伙让石油源源不断地流入 And boy, did the oil keep flowing.
到了1940年代 By the 1940s,
数十亿美金的石油管道项目输送 billion-dollar oil pipeline projects were pumping
数百万桶的原油横跨大陆到西方消费者 millions of barrels of crude across continents to Western consumers who
他们会充分利用这些原油 从汽车到最新的奇妙产品 were using it for everything from cars to the latest wonder product...
塑料 plastic.
动物 蔬菜或矿石？ Animal, vegetable or mineral?
也许这小小的套管属于它自己的王国 Maybe this little thimble belongs to a kingdom all of its own,
塑料王国 the kingdom of plastics.
地质学从未有过这么有价值 Geology had never been more valuable.
随着美国政客们和私人石油公司全部控制了它 And with US politicians and private oil companies controlling it all,
他们已经确保能几代人都“穿上黑衣” they had made sure that they would all be in the black for generations.
但是当西方揭示了这新的石油涅磐 But as the West revelled in this new oil nirvana,
中东的政治浪潮转向了 the political tide in the Middle East was changing.
不加管制的石油也许可以给英国和美国 The oil free-for-all might have given Britain and the US
能源保障 但是这繁荣还没被他们的主人注意到 energy security, but the boom had not gone unnoticed by their hosts.
1950年的一个早晨 One morning in 1950,
沙特阿拉伯财务大臣坐下来读报纸 the Saudi Arabian finance minister sat down to read the paper.
他偶尔注意到一篇文章描写庆祝ARAMCO的巨大成功的 He came upon an article celebrating ARAMCO's triumphant oil
石油发现 在他的国家 一个他也早就知道的成功 finds in his country, a success he knew all too well,
他就是Abdullah Suleiman 正是他签订了 since this was Abdullah Suleiman, the very man who had signed
沙特和美国的最初石油合同 早在1920年代 Saudi's original oil deal with the US 20 years earlier.
但Suleiman那天想到的不是庆祝 But it wasn't celebration that was in Suleiman's thoughts that day
而是那文章揭示的一些瞠目结舌的事实 but rather some jaw-dropping facts that the article revealed.
Suleiman注意到沙特政府得到的利润 Suleiman noted that the profits received by the Saudi
在1932年达到了500万美金 government had gone up from five million in 1932
到1950年超过5000万美金 to over 50 million by 1950.
好消息吗？ 在他看来并不是 Good news? Not as far as he was concerned.
如果那时他的国家所分的利润增加 If that was the increase of his nation's slice of the profits,
那么美国公司又赚了多少呢？ how much was the company making?
Suleiman决定再深挖一下 Suleiman decided to dig a little deeper,
而他发现的震惊了他 and what he discovered shocked him.
在1944年到49年 利润增加额40翻 In the years between 1944 and '49, profits had increased forty-fold.
但是沙特得到的只是很微小的比例 But the Saudis were guaranteed only a tiny percentage of that wealth...
那里没有石油的时候都好说 但现在石油 ..all very well when there was no oil, but now it was flowing
那么多 Suleiman不是那么高兴 so freely, Suleiman wasn't quite so happy.
实际上 ARAMCO付给美国国库的税收远超过 In fact, ARAMCO were paying more in taxes to the US treasury
他们分给沙特政府的利润要多 than they were in profits to the Saudi government.
Suleiman的国家被剥削了 Suleiman's country was being ripped off.
这个意识激起了重大的 That realisation would spark a seismic
中东石油财富拥有权的转移 shift in the ownership of the Middle East's oil wealth.
沙特阿拉伯的能源部长是第一个动手的 And Saudi Arabia's energy minister was the first to make his move.
Suleiman第一次请求 然后是要求 Suleiman first asked for, then demanded,
改变他1932年签订的特许权 a change to the concession that he'd signed in 1932.
沙特阿拉伯想要新的贸易协定 Saudi Arabia wanted a new trade deal,
同等的50%股份作为他们自己的石油收益 an equal 50% share in their own oil profits.
ARAMCO根本比喜欢这样 但管理层知道 ARAMCO didn't like the idea at all, but the execs knew
如果他们想保住石油继续供应就必须接受条款 that if they wanted to keep the oil flowing, they'd have to accept it.
这是全新的未来 This was the new future.
1950年12月 新的50-50协议 In December 1950, a new 50-50 agreement was
在ARAMCO和沙特政府间达成 reached between ARAMCO and the Saudi government.
私人石油公司统治世界原油的时代 The age of private companies ruling over the world's crude
宣告结束 was coming to an end.
现在是那些拥有石油的国家 Now the nations that held the oil
要求更大的他们自己资源的所有权 demanded greater ownership of their own resource.
任何人想要石油的就没得选择 And anyone who wanted it had no choice
只有同意新的贸易条款 but to bow to the new terms of trade.
毫不夸张地说这是巨大的转移 You know, it's hard to overstate just what a seismic shift in global
全球石油关系 oil relations this was.
突然“50-50条款”嗡嗡声回荡在 Suddenly "50-50 deals" was the buzz word that reverberated
整个阿拉伯世界的董事会会议室 round boardrooms throughout the Arab world.
中东国家在崛起 Middle Eastern countries were on the rise,
根深在这完美的地理条件的崛起 a rise that was rooted in those perfect geological conditions
这地理条件正好躺着他们的脚下 that just happened to lie underneath them.
随着整个地区的国家 With countries throughout the region
快速跟进Suleiman的步伐 quickly following in Suleiman's footsteps, it wasn't long
在注意力转向伊朗和英国的石油利益前不久 before attention turned to Iran and Britain's oil interests.
英国波斯石油公司 就是现在熟知的BP Anglo-Persian Oil - or BP, as it's better known today -
已经控制了伊朗的油田 从20世纪早期 had controlled the Iranian oilfields since the early
但不像别的公司 他们不是普通的石油公司 20th century, but unlike others, they were no ordinary oil company.
多亏丘吉尔 他们的大部分股份 Thanks to Winston Churchill, they'd been majority owned
被英国政府控制 从1914年开始 by the British government since 1914.
就他们所担心的 把50%的利润 And as far as they were concerned, the idea of handing 50% of
返回给伊朗政府的主意根本不是一个选择 the oil profits back to the Iranian government was not even an option.
但是盲目的顽固将要缠绕他们 But that blind obstinance was about to haunt them.
1951年3月 In March 1951,
伊朗总理Haj Ali Razmara被暗杀 the Iranian Prime Minister, Haj Ali Razmara, was assassinated amidst
在全国不断增加的内乱氛围中 an air of increasing civil unrest in the country.
Razmara一直支持英国的殖民 Razmara had been supportive of Britain's colonial
控制 对伊朗石油储备 control of Iranian oil reserves.
当革命酝酿 他为此付出了终极代价 And as revolution brewed, he paid the ultimate price for it.
代替他的 执政的伊朗国王任命Mohammad Mossadegh In his place, the ruling Shah of Iran appointed Mohammad Mossadegh,
一个风格非常不一样的领导 a very different kind of leader.
仅仅几个月 It had been just months
自从沙特阿拉伯的50-50是有条款被同意 since Saudi Arabia's new 50-50 oil deal had been agreed...
Mossadegh很有兴趣地看着这一切展现 ..and Mossadegh had watched it all unfold with interest.
现在他开始行动 Now he was ready to make his move.
我要会见Mossadegh传记作家Roxane Farmanfarmaian去弄清 I'm meeting Mossadegh biographer Roxane Farmanfarmaian to find out
这个将要改变英国石油未来的人 more about how this man was about to transform Britain's oil future.
那个时候的关系是什么 伊朗 What was the relationship at that time like with the Iranian
石油公司和英国？ oil company and with the British?
非常紧张 It was very contentious.
非常明显的感觉是石油的价值 There was a clear sense that the value of the oil was
对英国来说正在流失 事实上非常少 being lost to the British, there was very little that was actually
返回给伊朗 being sent back to Iran.
那才开始 如果你愿意 And that was the beginning, if you will, of
这些Mossadegh开始的所有的国有项目 因为 this whole nationalisation project that Mossadegh began, because
他简单认为伊朗有这个权利处置它自己的资源 he simply felt that Iran deserved the right to its own resources.
那么那些Mossadegh介入和转变的 So how did the change happen where Mossadegh comes in
整个地方怎样变化？ and transforms that whole landscape?
被加强 那是绝对破坏 It was building up. There was a real break
对英国谈判者来说 他们看到 in the ability of British negotiators to see that the Iranian
状况开始到了危机点 situation was beginning to reach a crisis point.
也许这对那些在英国政府里的人来说不很清楚 It was not clear perhaps to those in Whitehall that this was truly
就是他们真的要失去一些东西 something they were going to lose.
他们还是又这样的感觉就是 There still was this sense that
这合同能够谈判的 毕竟 还有很多的 this contract could be negotiated - after all, there was still a lot
机会 只是伊朗人太顽固了 of opportunity, it was just that the Iranians were being very pig-headed.
几乎立即在开始时我们被要求 Almost immediately at the outset we were asked
接受波斯人原有的法律 to accept the Persian law as it stands.
我回答说我们不能那样做 I replied that we could not do that.
Mossadegh最后决定不做交易 Mossadegh finally determines that there isn't going to be a deal.
那政府是一个极端的政府 The government is an extremist government,
它不承认任何事情 除了让出我们所有的权利 and it will not admit anything but a full surrender of all our rights.
所以所有的念咒从国有化开始 So the whole mantra started being "nationalisation, nationalisation".
英国拒绝伊朗同等分享石油利益和国家的 Britain's refusal to share Iran's oil equally with the country's
新政治领导人 是一个灾难性的误判 new political leader was a disastrous misjudgment.
1951年春天 Mossadegh控制 In the spring of 1951, Mossadegh seized control
了全国油田并让英国石油工人打包回家 of all his country's oilfields and sent the British workers packing.
英国完全因为失去它唯一的石油供应而被冻住了 The UK was completely frozen out of her only oil supply.
自从石油诞生年代 英国一直 Ever since the birth of the oil age, Britain's been
担心能源安全 worried about its energy security.
但所有的政治反思可以追溯回到 All that political pondering, though, can be traced back
Mossadegh拿走英国石油的那天 to the day that Mossadegh took away Britain's oil.
以前没有人做过 它使得我们 Nobody had ever done that before, and it made us
意识到我们是如此脆弱 realise just how exposed we were.
1951年 由于没有石油 英国陷入严重危机 In 1951, without oil, Britain was in serious
在它的历史上第一次成为孤儿 trouble, an energy orphan for the first time in its history.
这国家马上停滞 The country quickly ground to a halt.
经济产出削弱失业率急剧上升 Economic output was crippled and unemployment spiked.
甚至是大节日像“英国节日” Even grand events, like the Festival of Britain,
本来想通过展示现代英国提高士气 which tried to lift spirits by showcasing a modern UK,
结果只是更进一步照亮了问题 served only to highlight the problem further...
就像它承诺的那些事情 比如新的中央加热安装在 ..for the very things it promised, like new central heating in every
每个家庭 或者堆满小装置的未来 原料都来自石油 home or a gadget-filled future, were all made from oil.
英国只有再一次拿回伊朗石油 Britain simply had to get its Iranian oil flowing again.
但没人有心思再次战争 But nobody was in the mood for another war,
而破产了的英国政府当然负担不起战争 and a bankrupt UK government certainly couldn't afford one.
唯一的办法是通过外交 The only way back was through diplomacy,
新成立的联合国是一个舞台 and the newly formed United Nations was the place to do it.
对于英国 是一个打开关闭的案子 For the British, it was an open and shut case.
他们已经投资了数百万美金建立伊朗油田 They had invested millions in establishing the oilfields of Iran
没人可以有权利非法夺取 and nobody had the right to illegally take them away.
对英国人不好的是 联合国并不这么看 Unfortunately for the Brits, the UN didn't quite see it that way.
美国坐在墙头 担心不要 The US sat on the fence, anxious not to
威胁到他们在沙特阿拉伯的利益 jeopardise their interests in Saudi Arabia.
同时 Mohammad Mossadegh谴责英国 Meanwhile, Mohammad Mossadegh rolled into town and denounced the British
是一帮小偷窃取他的国家的矿产财富 as a gang of thieves draining his country of its mineral wealth.
说实在 很多代表认为他有理 To be honest, many of the delegates thought he had a point.
中东富油国的政治浪潮 The political tide amongst the oil-rich nations of the Middle East
在转向 was on the turn.
英国的外交辩护从一开始就注定失败 Britain's diplomatic offensive was doomed from the start.
Mossadegh将继续留住他的石油 Mossadegh was going to keep his oil.
僵局只是意味着英国持续的燃油贫穷 And that deadlock simply meant continued fuel poverty for the UK...
一个灾难的让这国家不惜代价前进的尝试 ..and a disastrous attempt to keep the country moving at any cost.
回去烧煤炭和由此产生的可怕烟雾 The fateful return to coal and the terrible smog that resulted
是最后一根稻草 was the final straw.
石油作为政治武器被第一次运用 Oil had been used as a political weapon for the first time.
它揍得那么猛 And what a punch it packed.
但是现代社会不能没有石油 But a modern society without oil was simply not an option.
唯一的英国要去拿回石油的办法就是努力争取 The only way Britain was going to get it back was to fight for it.
要达到这目的 他们需要帮助 And for that, they needed help.
我在华盛顿以弄清英国的下一步行动 I'm in Washington to find out about Britain's next move...
一个要成为地标性的事件 ..an event that was to become a landmark moment
在石油球星故事里 in the Planet Oil story.
这就是Ajax行动 计划很简单 It was called Operation Ajax, and the plan was simple.
就是推翻伊朗总理 It was to overthrow the Iranian Prime Minister
用新人代替他 and put in his place a new man,
由美国和英国一手提拔 one hand-picked by the US and the UK,
一个能够同情英国困境的人 a man who'd be sympathetic to Britain's predicament -
最基本 某个能够还给他们石油的人 basically, someone who would give them their oil back.
这就是那人 军队的总司令Fazlollah Zahedi And this was the guy, a military general called Fazlollah Zahedi.
这将是世界上第一次 This was going to be the world's first
以石油名义军事政变 coup d'etat in the name of oil.
我被邀请去少有地看一下某个高级机密 I've been invited to take a rare look at some top-secret
文件 去年才解除机密 那绝对是 documents, declassified just last year, that provide
一个令人着迷的洞察这场政变是如何上演的 a fascinating insight into how this coup would be played out.
这些文件是什么？ “秘密服务历史” So, what are these documents? It's got "clandestine service history".
推翻伊朗的总理Mossadeq Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran.
是个令人着迷的叙述 It's just a fascinating account.
这是推翻一个政府的操作指南 It's a "how to" guide to overthrowing a government.
那么 谁在推动？ 谁是主要的架构师？ So, who was pushing it? Who was the main architect?
它在不同层面发生 Well, it occurred on different levels.
他们都在这里 They have right here
1953年7月11日CIA的领导批准了这行动计划 the director of CIA approves the operational plan on 11th July '53.
那么这是英国外国秘书吗？ So is that the UK Foreign Secretary?
那是英国 SIS的领导 就是现在是我MI6 That's the UK, the director of SIS, which is MI6,
英国总理 丘吉尔 在7月1日 the British Prime Minister, Churchill, on the 1st of July
Eisenhower总统 在7月11日 and President Eisenhower on the 11th of July.
那么 这里不能逃离责任！真不可思议 So, no ducking responsibility there! That's extraordinary.
似乎像回事 I mean, that seems like a really big deal,
西方两国领导人 the leaders of two Western countries
签署了这法令 将根本上推翻第三方 signing this decree that would essentially overthrow another one.
但我不确定美国能从中得到什么 But I wasn't sure what the Americans were getting out of this.
他们投资这里面 这里面他们想要什么？ They were putting this investment in. What was in it for them?
他们很担心这样的事件 They had a very deep concern about the way events were
会在全世界发生 working in the world.
冷战真正发生 他们想提前预防 The cold war was happening and they wanted above all to prevent
共产主义者 由苏联领导 防止被侵犯 the communists, led by the Soviets, from gaining inroads
在中东的任何地方 在任何有 anywhere in the Middle East, anywhere where there were
战略资源的地方 当然在伊朗石油是大问题 strategic resources, and of course oil was the big issue in Iran.
Ajax行动是新的确保能源安全的方法 Operation Ajax was a new approach to energy security,
一个政治叛变是可以接受的 one in which political treachery was an acceptable
策略 为了得到石油 tactic in pursuit of oil.
不管有没有皇家法令 Zahedi将会接管 With or without a royal decree, Zahedi will take over
政府并执行政变日的各种要求 the government and will execute the various requirements of coup day.
这些文件说明 'And as these documents show, there was
没有限制使用肮脏的诡计 'no limit to the dirty tricks
英国和美国愿意推动 'Britain and America were willing to pull.'
我注意到这里有100万美金 I notice the million dollars there.
是的 领导 中央情报局的领导 Yeah. The director, which is the director of Central Intelligence,
在1953年4月4日 批准100万美金的预算 on April 4th '53, approved a budget of a million dollars,
德黑兰情报站可以使用 CIA的情报站 which could be used by the Tehran station, the CIA station,
任何方法能够推翻Mossadegh in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh.
这真是恶心的东西 这是他们所谓的黑色宣传 And it's just nasty stuff. It's what they call black propaganda.
目的是尽可能让Mossadegh看起来是坏蛋 It's to make Mossadegh look bad in any way possible,
包括称他为同性恋 一个犹太教徒 including calling him a homosexual, calling him a Jew, calling him
亲共产主义者 反宗教 你随意取名 a pro-communist, calling him antireligious, you name it.
看到它就这样白纸黑字写在这里真不寻常 It's extraordinary to see it all just laid out in black and white.
不可思议 It is incredible.
Ajax行动的目的是精心策划政治的 'The hope with Operation Ajax was that by orchestrating political
不满像这样子 他们能够激起内部革命 'dissent like this, they would spark a revolution from within.
伊朗自己的人民会让英国 'Iran's own people would do Britain
和美国的肮脏活动起作用从而出掉Mossadegh 'and America's dirty work for them and get rid of Mossadegh.
但是当阴谋破产 事情没有按照计划进行 'But as the secret plot played out, things didn't quite go to plan.'
随着反对Mossadegh宣传播种 With the anti-Mossadegh propaganda seeded
和国内动乱很好地建立 伊朗领导开始感到可疑 and civil unrest well established, Iran's leader began to smell a rat.
意识到了诡计 Realising the deception,
Mossadegh很快集合了他的总理卫队 Mossadegh quickly gathered his prime ministerial guard around him.
同时Shah国王 已经被英国说服 Meanwhile, the royal Shah, who'd been persuaded by the British to
同意他们的秘密阴谋 惊慌失措并逃离到国外 go along with their secret plot, panicked and fled the country.
Ajax行动面临失败危险 但是对于CIA Operation Ajax was in danger of falling apart, but for the CIA
和极度渴望石油的英国 现在不肯回头 and an oil-desperate Britain there was no turning back now.
他们加剧了国内动乱运动 They intensified the campaign of civil unrest...
现在只想鼓励它变成暴乱 ..only now encouraging it to become more violent.
黑色宣传也声称他们的Shah国王 And with black propaganda also claiming that their Shah
事实上被残暴的总理流放国外 had in fact been ousted from his country by the tyrannical
Mossadegh注定失败 Prime Minister, Mossadegh was doomed.
到1953年 他被逮捕 By August 1953, he was arrested.
西方新的一手提拔的领导人取代了他 Shah国王回国 The West's new hand-picked leader was in place and the Shah returned.
Mossadegh很快被审判 Mossadegh was quickly tried
并在监狱里度过余生 and would spend the rest of his life behind bars, whilst
石油星球的第一次政变推翻政权表明是胜利成功 Planet Oil's first coup d'etat was declared a triumphant success.
但是Ajax行动将表明 But Operation Ajax would turn out to be
双刃剑的效应 something of a double-edged sword.
当然 英国拿回了它的石油 但是代价呢？ Of course, Britain did get her oil back, but at what cost?
最后 英国不得不同意50-50协议 In the end, Britain had to settle for that 50-50 deal that it
它一开始就可以避免那么多激烈的争斗 had so furiously fought to avoid in the first place.
战争毫无意义 The war was for nothing.
这个事件真正说明石油星球已经 What this incident had really shown was that Planet Oil had
进入了新的阶段 那些曾经强大的西方国家 entered a new phase, where once-powerful Western nations were
现在是能源孤儿 他们无法保证 now energy orphans who would stop at nothing to ensure
供应以满足他们极度渴望的需求 they got the supplies they so desperately needed.
对于像英国这么上瘾 And for addicts like Britain,
Ajax行动的胜利很快就感觉像一个可悲的失败 the victory of Ajax would soon feel like a miserable defeat.
远没有把中东恢复有序 Far from putting the Middle East in its place,
伊朗危机只是点燃了石油国有化的导火纸 the Iranian crisis simply lit the touchpaper of oil nationalisation.
Mohammad Mossadegh成了海报明星 Mohammad Mossadegh became a poster boy
对于海湾地区的一代领导人 所有人都想 to a generation of leaders in the region, all of whom wanted more
控制他们自己的石油 这意味着对英国来说是个大麻烦 control of their own oil, and that just meant more trouble for the UK.
1956年 埃及总统Gamal Nasser When, in 1956, Egypt's president, Gamal Nasser,
成为了最新的Mossadegh追随者开始秀肌肉 became the latest Mossadegh follower to flex his muscles,
英国将要又一次感到刺痛 Britain was about to feel the pinch yet again.
埃及自己没石油 Egypt didn't have any oil of its own,
但却有运输石油的苏伊士运河 but it did have the Suez Canal running through it,
一条必经之水路 a waterway that was essential for the transportation
运输英国的原油从中东到欧洲 of Britain's crude from the Middle East into Europe.
埃及领导人当然知道这重要性 And Egypt's leader knew just how important that was.
Nasser下命令控制运河 Nasser demanded control of the canal
给石油运输船定了昂贵的收费 and the lucrative toll charges it set oil tankers.
当油船的英国法国拍档拒绝付费后 When the Anglo-French partnership that owned it refused,
Nasser凿沉了船只封锁表明他是认真的 Nasser blockaded it with scuttled ships to show he meant business.
英国的石油运输 从中东到欧洲 Britain's oil transportation route from the Middle East into Europe was
立即就被打断 这个国家又一次陷入困境 instantly shut down, and the country was once again in serious trouble.
对于英国 它已经很熟悉这样的情况 For Britain, it all had a very familiar ring to it.
又一次 另一个中东国家拉住了他们 Yet again, another Middle Eastern country was holding them
和他们的石油要求赎金 and their oil to ransom.
就像伊朗的Mossadegh危机 And just as in the case of the Mossadegh crisis in Iran,
结果将变得复杂 the outcome was going to be messy.
就是著名的“苏伊士运河危机” The Suez Crisis, as it became known,
造成了更严重的燃油短缺 限制开车 triggered yet more fuel shortages, driving restrictions
和另一场经济衰退 在1956年11月 and another economic slump in November 1956.
讽刺的是 这场事件导致创造出一辆英国 Ironically, it even led to the creation of one of Britain's
最著名的汽车 most famous cars.
1956年冬天 英国事实上快用尽石油 By the winter of 1956, Britain was literally running dry.
人们唯一能开的汽车是那些小小的 The only cars that people could really drive were these tiny
德国微型车 只需要一丁点儿油 German bubble cars that ran on a smidgeon of fuel.
直到Morris Motors的设计师Alec Issigonis为这新时代 That was, until Morris Motors designer Alec Issigonis came up
设计出了这小小漂亮的新式汽车 with this little beauty, a new car for a new era,
在这时代只有这最小的汽车 携带者最小 one in which only the smallest vehicles with the smallest
的油箱就可以使它跑起来 fuel tanks could afford to run.
也许是石油的匮乏诞生了这英国的标记 Oil poverty might have given birth to a British icon...
但是没有像MINI这样的汽车可以代表卑微 ..but what cars like the Mini really represented was humiliation
和曾经伟大的国家财富的倒退 and a terrible reversal of fortunes for a once-great nation.
他们曾经运作的殖民地现在完全控制了世界的石油 The colonies they once ran were now in total control of the world's oil.
在这些新的中东巨头当中 这黑色事物 And amongst these new Middle East giants, the black stuff
从未像以前那样的流淌着 flowed like never before.
术语“大象油井”被发明 The term "elephant field" was coined,
一个名字是给与一口石油储量产出超过 a name given to an oil reserve that produced more than
1亿桶原油 100 million barrels of crude.
这样的发现变得很普遍在这地区 These kind of discoveries became ubiquitous across the region...
到1960年 全球10分之7的石油 ..and by 1960, seven out of every ten barrels of oil
产量来自于中东 being produced in the world came out of the Middle East.
这地方不只是石油星球的最大玩家 This place wasn't just the biggest player in Planet Oil,
它就是石油星球 it effectively WAS Planet Oil.
但是因为太多了就变得便宜 But being this plentiful also made it cheap.
市场上石油太多了 价格暴跌到最低 With so much oil on the market, its value plummeted to an all-time low.
不久就很明显就是中东的供大于求 It soon became apparent that the Middle East's glut
是事实上的祸根 could in fact be its undoing.
如果要恢复利润 If profits were going to be restored,
这行业需要一个激进的方案 the industry needed a radical solution...
一个激进的地质学家将出现并提供一个方案 ..and a radical geologist was about to step up and provide one.
一个对创造出 A man responsible for the creation
世界上最强大的石油俱乐部有直接责任的人 of the world's most powerful oil club.
但是 大部分人居然没听说过 But it's one that most people haven't even heard of.
对不起 我要做些测验 Excuse me, I'm doing a little survey.
你知道这些家伙是谁吗？ Do you know who these guys are?
OPEC 不知道? OPEC? OPEC. No? OPEC?
不知道？ No?
你知道这些家伙是谁吗？OPEC Do you know who these guys are? OPEC.
OPEC？你有印象吗？ OPEC? Mean anything to you?
你听说过这些家伙吗？ Have you heard of these guys?
没有？ No?
OPEC? OPEC?
他们 就像 大的国际组织 巨大的 They are, like, this big international organisation. Huge.
是不是欧洲社区或者什么？ 不是 Is it not European Community or something? No.
这些家伙某种意义上控制着你的生活 我想知道 These guys kind of control your life in a way, and I just wondered
如果你知道OPEC代表什么 if you knew what OPEC stood for.
这是我第一次看到这 That's the first time I saw that.
第一次？ 是的 The first time? Yeah. OK.
没人似乎听说过OPEC No-one seems to have heard of OPEC.
OPEC?
我们也许不知道它是什么 We might not have a clue what it is,
但是这个组织做出的决定 but the decisions that this organisation make
规定了每年我们的碳氢生活的花费 dictate how much our hydrocarbon lives cost each year.
这也是它一开始成立的主要原因 And that's precisely the reason it was created in the first place.
1960年 世界生产了太多的石油 In 1960, the world was producing too much oil,
这个人想为此做点事情 and this man wanted to do something about it.
Juan Pablo Alfonso委内瑞拉能源部长 Juan Pablo Alfonso, the Venezuelan Energy Minister
是促进南美洲石油繁荣的主要人物 and a key figure in South America's oil boom.
Alfonso注意到中东的流星般上升 Alfonso watched the Middle East's meteoric rise throughout
在整个40 50年代 当掌控石油国有化以后 the '40s and '50s as oil nationalisation took hold.
当随着这些上升 But with that rise,
他也注意到石油价格的下降 he also witnessed the decline in the value of oil.
新的全球供应过剩使得这一度宝贵的资源变得廉价 The new worldwide glut had made this once-precious resource cheap...
Alfonso有一个计划将使石油再度值钱 ..and Alfonso had a plan to make it valuable again.
他的主意是把全球顶级的石油生产 His idea was to bring together the world's top oil-producing
国家聚拢一起到某个私人会员俱乐部 countries into a kind of private members' club.
但这绝不是悠闲的绅士们的晚餐社交 这是一个 But this was no idle gentlemen's dining society, this was a group
聚焦于完全控制产量水平的组织 focused entirely on controlling production levels
为他们的石油设定一个唯一的统一的价格 and setting a single, unified price for their oil.
这是绝招 It was a masterstroke.
1960年9月 Alfonso会见了 In September 1960, Alfonso met with
沙特阿拉伯能源部长 提出了他的计划 the Saudi Arabian Energy Minister and revealed his plan.
石油输出国组织OPEC The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC,
诞生了 从那时刻起 was born, and from that moment,
石油作为一件商品将永远改变 the status of oil as a commodity would change for ever.
不会再在全球随意流动 Never again would it flow freely throughout the world.
相反 它将被拥有它的国家使用点滴法 Instead, it would be drip-fed by the nations who had it
供应给那些买得起的人 to those who could afford it.
世界沉迷于石油将被控制 The world's addiction to oil would be controlled by a new
一个新的国家卡塔尔 他们将固定价格 all-powerful cartel of countries who would fix their own prices
和他们的产出 and their own output.
这对新的阿拉伯超级力量是双赢 但是对那些 It was a win-win situation for the new Arab superpowers, but it was bad
像英国这样的没有自己石油的国家却是噩耗 news for nations like Britain, who didn't have their own oil.
MUSIC: Ghost Town by the Specials
OPEC将快速发展 全世界主要的石油昌国都加入 OPEC would grow rapidly as all the world's major oil producers joined
了俱乐部 到1970年早期 它的上升停止 the club, and by the early 1970s its rise was complete.
西方的石油管理层被取巧的阿拉伯政客取代 Western oil execs were replaced by slick Arab politicians,
就像沙特石油部长Sheikh Zaki Yamani like the Saudi Petroleum Minister, Sheikh Zaki Yamani.
他们现在是新的原油大师 They were now the new masters of crude.
这石油价格的飙升不是意味着 Doesn't this new massive increase in the price of oil mean
世界力量平衡的改变 在发展中国家 a change in the world balance of power between the developing nations
像你们 生产者 和我们发达工业化国家之间？ like you, the producers, and us, the developed, industrialised nations?
是的 会的 Yes, it will.
# This town is comin' like a ghost town. #
如果像英国这样的国家想要他们的石油 If countries like Britain wanted their oil,
他们就必须付给像Yamani那样的人以OPEC俱乐部的价格否则不给 they'd have to pay men like Yamani the OPEC club price or go without.
但是在英国很了解 But whilst the UK knew all too well
非常需要这世界上最贵的资源时 to be starved of the most precious natural resource in the world,
对于其他的西方用户 不给永远不会是问题 for other Western users, going without had never been a problem.
到1970年代 By the early 1970s,
美国从沙特阿拉伯获取了主要的石油 the US was getting the majority of its oil from Saudi Arabia.
它早已成为美国社会的命根子 It had become the very lifeblood of American society.
地球上没地方生活在碳氢时代 Nowhere on the planet was the age of hydrocarbon man
比这国家更明显 more evident than in this country.
MUSIC: Pick Up The Pieces by Average White Band
石油使得一代美国人 Oil had made a generation of Americans
比以前更移动 more mobile than ever before.
它喂养了他们 It had fed them...
给他们衣服 ..clothed them....
提供日常生活的编织品 ..and built the very fabric of their lives.
随着美国政客们和沙特石油酋长们 But with relations strong between US politicians
的关系紧密 美国的石油未来得到了保证 and Saudi oil sheikhs, America's oil future was guaranteed.
是这样吗？ Wasn't it?
我回到华盛顿了解至关重要的转折点 I'm back in Washington to learn about a crucial turning
美国石油历史上 point in America's oil story.
我记得很清楚 I remember it quite well.
人们变得异常激动 People were becoming extremely agitated.
他们准备战斗 They were getting in fights.
甚至有些地方人们拨出了枪 真的？ There were even things where people were pulling out their guns. Really?
也许 It probably...
是主要战斗的其中一场 ..was one of the first major battles...
关于枪支在美国 about guns in the United States,
人们公开扛着枪支 and people were just carrying their guns openly.
这是华盛顿出租司机Nathan Price描述的 The event that Washington cab driver Nathan Price is describing
这是美国历史上有深远影响的时刻 was a truly seismic one in America's history...
当人们面临害怕的提问时 '..a moment when its people were faced with a frightening question -
没有石油你会做什么？ 'what would you do without oil?'
这一切都归咎于新的石油俱乐部OPEC And it was all down to that powerful new oil club OPEC.
MUSIC: All Along The Watchtower by The Jimi Hendrix Experience
这是1973年10月 It was October 1973.
埃及 叙利亚和以色列在战争 因为 Egypt and Syria were at war with Israel over the occupation
以色列占领西岸地区和Sinai半岛 of Israeli-held territories in the West Bank and the Sinai peninsula.
一定会有某种办法解决 # There must be some kind of way out of here... #
美国同情以色列 The US was sympathetic to the Israeli cause
选择再提供给他们武器 and chose to re-supply them with arms.
有太多误解 # There's too much confusion... #
一个他们将会付出很多的决定 It was a decision they would pay dearly for.
为了理解灾难的规模有多大 To appreciate the scale of the disaster in the making,
你必须明白这个国家的石油消耗已经 you have to understand that in this country oil consumption had
在以前10年里每年上升5% been rising at 5% a year for the previous decade.
几乎每年美国人都会发现 It was almost like every year Americans were finding
石油新的用途 new uses for the stuff.
美国没有石油就会停滞 The US simply couldn't function without oil.
然而却会将被强制 And yet it was about to be forced to.
OPEC对美国武器支持以色列很愤怒 OPEC, angered by US military support of Israel,
回应了他们知道的唯一办法 responded in the only way they knew -
关闭美国的石油供应 by shutting off America's oil supply.
马上 美国石油干枯 In an instant, the US ran dry.
不到一个月 这国家停滞 Within a month, the nation was grinding to a halt.
石油价格涨了4倍 The cost of gasoline quadrupled...
到1973年11月 美国总统Richard Nixon ..and by November 1973, the US President, Richard Nixon,
被迫致辞全国 用悲伤的警告 was forced to address the nation with a grave warning.
这是CBS新闻在华盛顿的特别报道 This is a special report from CBS News in Washington.
晚上好 Good evening.
中东的突然切断石油变成了严重的 The sudden cut-off of oil from the Middle East has turned the serious
能源危机 我们认为今冬会进入严重能源危机 energy shortages we expected this winter into a major energy crisis.
1973年 我想 也许会到1974年 In '73 and, I believe, maybe it was even in '74,
Richard Nixon没有 Richard Nixon did not have...
圣诞树不亮了 The national Christmas tree wasn't lit.
很有象征性 是吗？ 是的 Quite symbolic, isn't it? It's very symbolic.
其它的事情如何？ 你看到 And what about other things? Did you see
某种在商店的连锁效应 价格升高？ kind of knock-on effects in the shops of prices going up?
最大的别的事情真正困扰人们的是 Oh! Well, the biggest other thing that really got to people was
食品价格 the price of food.
每样被生产的东西也许需要运输和 Everything that was produced that maybe needed transportation
石油 这不是涓滴效应 而是很快 and oil, it was like a trickle-down effect, and pretty soon,
消费者的口袋开始受到打击 the consumers' pocket book began to get hit.
那会有惊慌吗？ Was there a sense of panic at all?
人们会在他们的车后面带一根管子 Oh! People would walk around with a tube in the back of their car,
这样他们可以从别人的汽车吸油 so they could siphon gas off somebody's car,
人们大都会在他们车边放哨 and people were pretty much standing on guard on their car and
在他们的车窗上贴标语“如果你偷我的油 我就开枪” putting signs on their window - "If you steal my gas, I'll shoot you".
这完全是美国和它的人们的新的恐怖 This was completely new territory for America and its people.
英国渴望原油是一回事 但当世界上 It was one thing for Britain to be starved of crude, but when the most
最强大的国家石油干枯 这也扯太远了 powerful nation on earth had an oil drought, that was a step too far.
你有过加油困难吗？ 有过 告诉我咋回事 Have you had trouble getting gasoline? I have. Tell me about it.
一般没能加满 Well, instead of getting a full tank,
我加4或者5加仑 油箱从未满过 I get four or five gallons. Never a full tank.
但是美国的第一次石油休克也强调了 But America's first oil shock also highlighted that this was
这将会变得更糟 only going to get worse.
一个简单的方案必须找到 A solution simply had to be found.
但是中东以外哪里还可以发现石油？ But where to find oil outside of the Middle East?
美国在不到100年里一直在掠夺自己的储备 The US had plundered its own reserves in less than 100 years
而英国一开始就没有 and Britain never had any of its own in the first place.
唯一的石油工人还没有找过石油的地方 The only place oilmen hadn't really looked for the black stuff
某种程度上被认为是最后的大前线 was in what had been considered the last great frontier.
海洋 The world's oceans.
一个工业总是试图回避的地方 It was a place the industry had always tried to avoid,
只是因为对付它需要巨大的 simply because of the massive technological
科技挑战 challenges of tackling it.
但是现在世界大的石油用户开始绝望 But the world's big oil users were now desperate,
而英国最为突出 and Britain more so than most.
英国的经济一直被石油枯竭压溃 The UK economy had been crushed by oil droughts throughout
在整个50和60年代 the '50s and '60s.
她比任何人都需要新的石油 She needed new oil more than anyone.
而包围在她四周的海洋是她去发现石油的最后希望 And the sea that surrounded her was the last hope of finding it.
北部海的化石燃料潜力第一次被 The North Sea's fossil fuel potential had first been
确定是在1960年代 identified in the early 1960s,
当巨大的气田从远离荷兰的海岸被挖掘出来 when a huge gas field was unearthed off the coast of Holland.
这批地质学家也意识到这里也正是 Geologists who discovered the find also realised that the very
相同的岩层可以产出石油 same rocks that produced fossil fuels here
一路沿着英国海岸的地方 ran all the way to the British coast.
这些岩层也许藏有石油是个诱人的线索 It was a tantalising clue that they too might contain oil.
那些热点地方都是刺激 Those hot spots were all the incentive
对于石油饥渴的政府所需要的 that an oil-desperate government needed.
1964年 他们很快发布了 In '64, they quickly introduced
“英国大陆架法”把北部海分裂为 the UK Continental Shelf Act that divided the North Sea into
960个区块 或者石油单元 something like 960 blocks, or oil sectors.
英国石油竞赛开始了 The race for Britain's oil was on,
每个人都被邀请加入 and everyone was invited to the party.
但是想到那里也许有石油是一回事 But thinking there might be oil was one thing -
真正去发现确实另一回事 actually finding it was something else.
我前往北部海去亲身体验 I'm heading out into the North Sea to experience for myself just
寻找石油是怎样一个残酷的火的洗礼 what a brutal baptism of fire that search was going to be.
英国的先驱们面临的是几乎不可想象的艰苦跋涉 Britain's North Sea pioneers faced an almost unimaginable odyssey
100英里进入到世界上最恶劣的海域 100 miles into one of the most hostile seas in the world.
如果这还不算艰苦的话 那么他们还必须打钻穿透 And if that wasn't hard enough, they then had to drill down through
几百英尺的坚固岩床去发现石油储量 hundreds of feet of solid bedrock to find oil reserves that they
他们甚至都不确定是否存在 weren't sure even existed.
即使使用发明的石油钻机可以让他们 Even with the invention of the oilrig, which allowed them
完成任务 但是这还是一项高风险的生意 to do that, this was a very risky business.
1965年12月 在几个月以后 In December 1965, just a few months after
英国北部海石油勘探开始后 一台小型的钻机 Britain's North Sea quest began, a small drilling rig,
叫做Sea Gem 在位于东Anglia海岸外 called Sea Gem, located off the coast of East Anglia,
创造了历史 成为第一个 made history by becoming the first
在北部海发现化石燃料 to find fossil fuels in the North Sea.
他们发现的不是石油 而是燃气 It wasn't oil they found, but gas.
但是英国北部海这些先驱们关心的是 But as far as Britain's North Sea pioneers were concerned,
既然有燃气 那么原油也将随之而来 where gas lay, crude would surely follow.
这是充满希望的时刻 英国也许终于 It was a moment of hope that Britain might at last
即将发现自己的能源 be about to find some energy of her own.
但是还没高兴多久 But the elation was short-lived.
就在发现燃气几天后 It was just a few days after the discovery,
1965年的礼物节 实际上 船员们 Boxing Day 1965, in fact, the crew,
32人正在里面吃节日午餐 32 of them were inside, having a festive lunch
当灾难来临时 when disaster struck.
巨浪把钻井平台的支撑脚压弯 Heavy seas caused the legs of the rig to buckle
整个建筑倾倒在北部海里 and the whole structure just toppled into the North sea.
13个人死在这冰冷的水里 13 men died in those freezing waters.
这个悲剧是成功付出的代价 It was a tragic reminder of the cost of success.
事实是今天几乎没人还记得这个故事 And the fact that today hardly anyone remembers the tale is
也许因为 那个时候被认为是值得付出这样的代价 probably because, back then, it was considered a price worth paying.
英国已经尝到了成功的滋味 Britain had tasted success
现在没有任何事情可以阻挡了 即使是人类悲剧 and nothing was going to stop her now, not even human tragedy.
从60年代过渡到了70年代 And as the '60s gave way to the '70s,
Sea Gem发掘的潜力被证实为准确 that potential tapped by the Sea Gem turned out to be spot-on
当每个人都希望的大油田开始显露出来时 as the big oil fields everyone had hoped for began to materialise.
1970年BP命名的Forties油田是第一个被挖掘的 BP's fabled Forties field was the first to be tapped in 1970.
很快1971年随即发现了 Quickly followed in 1971 by the discovery
Shell的北部海巨人Brent油田 of Shell's North Sea giant, Brent
这块油田的原油产量 an oil field that produced as much crude
和中东最大的储备油田产量几乎一样多 as some of the Middle East's biggest reserves.
很明显这将成为巨大的生意 It was clear that this was going to be huge business.
使得这些大公司之间的竞争变得激烈 And that made competition fierce amongst the big companies.
由于风险太高了 那天要求保密 The stakes were so high that secrecy was the order of the day.
Shell使用这些密码断路器 Shell used these Enigma code breakers
来传送关于发现石油的最新信息 to relay the latest messages about oil finds,
而BP用波斯人的波斯语来发送他们的信息 whereas BP would send their messages in Farsi, Persian.
即使英国政府也使用这些希腊字母编码来得到 Even the British government had this coded alphabet to get
关于北部海的最新信息 the latest news about the North Sea.
就像John Le Carre的侦探小说描述的那样 It was like something out of a John Le Carre spy novel.
但这种偏执是正确的 But that paranoia was justified.
Brent和Forties油田各自 The Brent and Forties fields alone
承诺大约每天产油100万桶 promised around one million barrels of oil every day.
而当随后横跨北部海更多的油田被发现 And when the discovery of yet more oil fields across the North Sea
很明显就是转变将会是怎样 followed, it was clear just how transformative this was going to be.
当一个大油田被发现 传统就是 Whenever a big oil field was discovered, it was tradition to
给石油工人传递雪茄 庆祝成功 hand out cigars to the rig workers - you know, celebrate the success.
1970年代 雪茄被成箱运送 Well, in the 1970s, cigars were being handed over
横跨北部海 in box loads right across the North Sea.
可以确定英国将会变得非常富有 It was becoming clear that Britain was going to be filthy rich,
当女王正式打开商业勘探 and when the Queen formally opened the commercial taps
在1975年 北部海的油田 of the North Sea oil fields in 1975,
整个世界会如何惊醒 the entire world would wake up to just how much.
女王：如果我们合理运用 THE QUEEN: 'If we use it right,'
这些洪水般的能源可以 this flood of energy can,
毫无疑问 大幅度提高我们的经济 without doubt, much improve our economic wellbeing.
政府从石油中取得的利润立即 Government profits from oil production immediately
增加约1亿英镑到国库 added around ￡100 million to treasury coffers.
1970年代末 英国成为了石油输出国 And by the late 1970s, the UK had become an oil exporter,
这是我们历史上的第一次 for the first time in our history.
我们终于脱掉了枷锁 We had finally unshackled ourselves
从我们的20世纪能源噩梦中 from our 20th-century energy nightmare.
这将会是一个充足的时代 This was going to be an age of plenty,
繁荣昌盛以前没人可以想象 and a boom the likes of which nobody had seen before.
那么什么是可能的问题呢？ What could possibly go wrong?
当石油巨头和政客们一起庆祝这石油财富新时代 As oil giants and politicians together celebrated this new age
一个污斑点开始游荡 这将会 of oil wealth, a dark speck hovered on the horizon that was about to
威胁不仅仅是北部海 而是整个工业的存在 threaten not just the North Sea, but the whole industry's very existence.
全球变暖 Global warming.
我们将要提示是多么危险 We were all about to be reminded of just how dangerous
我们沉迷于化石燃料 our addiction to fossil fuels had become.
石油星球能够提供不断使用的这些黑色事物？ Could Planet Oil afford to keep using the black stuff,
还是我们要必须戒掉 or were we going to have to go cold turkey
永远放弃这珍贵的资源？ and give up this precious resource for ever?